On a visit to BAE systems shipyard in Glasgow, party leader Ruth Davidson said such new centres of excellence - to be located right across Scotland - were now desperately required to cut the so-called "skills gap" which is holding the country back.
She said they were also required to provide a new ladder of opportunity for the thousands of young people across Scotland looking for a foothold in a new career.
The call comes with the Scottish Conservatives using the second week of the election run-in to focus on skills - and how best to create more opportunities for the next generation.
The party has already set out plans to reverse the SNP's cuts to further education colleges, and to create 10,000 new apprenticeships by 2020.
Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson said:
"Scotland has a desperate need for a more skilled workforce - yet in recent years we've seen college places cut and funding reduced.
"We need to value a vocational education at least as much as an academic one.
"The current imbalance is absurd and desperately needs to be addressed.
"So today we are calling for government to set a target to open ten new Skills Academies across Scotland by the end of this decade - academies which would give young people the chance to get a world-beating training in everything from IT to engineering and construction.
"We must do better. By bringing industry and government together, we can make Scotland the skills capital of Europe."
She added:
"BAE Systems is a great example of a major firm which is investing in the next generation and helping to provide them with the skills to succeed, and we applaud them for their efforts.
“It is tremendously encouraging to meet a new generation of apprentices who see shipbuilding on the Clyde as more than just our heritage, but rather a key part of our future too.”
The model cited by the Scottish Conservatives has been backed by the Federation of Small Businesses Scotland, and has recently led to the creation of a new Digital Skills Academy called "CodeClan".
Led by industry, it receives grant funding and support from the Scottish Government - with the first students expected to graduate this month.
Under the Scottish Conservative proposal, it would be for industry to indicate the best mix of academies, and their location, over the coming five years.
It comes with industry bodies now warning of an on-going skills crisis in Scotland. Last year, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors said that two thirds of construction firms cited a shortage of labour as an obstacle to growth.
The Federation of Small Businesses Scotland also found last year that a third of small firms in Scotland believe a lack of skills is a barrier to growth in their business - up from 19 per cent in 2014.
Technology and engineering firms have expressed similar concerns in recent months.